Personal reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Personal reflection - Essay Example of group socialization are products of group rules and norms, where norms are more dynamic, hidden, and forceful than rules in influencing groupthink and conflict management. The paper proceeds to definitions of concepts. Group socialization refers to the social process and influences by which new members and old members become used to one another (Galanes, & Adams, 2006, p.153). The phases of group socialization are antecedent, anticipatory, encounter, assimilation, and exit phases. Groupthink refers to the quick way of group thinking mode, as members engage in concurrence or conformity which becomes dominant because of in-group cohesiveness that overrides the evaluation of alternative courses of action (Janis, 1972, p.158). Group rules are statements that guide members on how they may, or, should behave, which may be expressed in writing or informally, such as what happens for group norms (Galanes, & Adams, 2006, p.154). Group norms are unspoken formal rules that peer pressure implements and which affect the actions of group members (Galanes, & Adams, 2006, p.154). Norms also reflect cultural beliefs that are connected to what is considered as acceptab le or unacceptable behaviors (Galanes, & Adams, 2006, p.154). Conflict is defined as the manifested struggles among interdependent members that happen due to differences in perceptions of and implementation of goals and other sources of disagreements (Galanes, & Adams, 2006, p.305). From these definitions, group members, because of their interdependence and because they are human beings with individual and social differences, are bound by group goals, but can be divided by groupthink and conflict. The theory regarding the process of group socialization is criticized next. Group socialization starts with the antecedent phase, where members’ characteristics, listening styles, cultural differences, and feelings about group responsibilities shape throughput and output variables (Galanes, & Adams, 2006, p.154).

Modern techniques and methods of management Term Paper

Modern techniques and methods of management - Term Paper Example Mark uses an automobile dashboard to bring out the point that the system should be able to predict the result of the score prior to the daily keeping of records. According to the article, the clarity and dynamic relationship is clearly illustrated between the process measures and result measures. Pertinently, it is not only important to identify the process of the final score but also the final score in its exact outcome at the end of the process. The measured process is vital in the evaluation of the whole process and procedures in an organization, which is pertinent since one, is capable to change the direction of the process to suit his or her expectations. In conclusion, Mark Henderson rates the accuracy of the dashboard as follows (Doshi, 2008.p.123). He says, the dashboards are not accurate machines to prompt the user on the specific problem. Rather it gives directions or assumptions on what might be wrong. On the other hand, Gary Lockwood directs his arguments still on the das hboard as the measurement of effective management. Therefore, the article argues that the dashboard is the best system in the measurement of the organizational profit. ... He adds that, with its consistence use, the dashboard shows the weakness of the organization’s operation (Drucker, & Maciariello, 2008.p. 321). In summary, Gary Lockwood recommends the above phenomena to the entrepreneurs in that, he urges them to use dashboard consistently in order to coerce their business directly. According to Jim Clemmer, he affirms that currently there are too many measures formulated to solve the internal needs of an organization. In one way or another, the above measures can be used to serve satisfactorily the management’s control and command paranoia. Notable is the fact that many measures are used to gauge several departments including the human resource as well as other supportive departments. Despite the fact that many managers rely on the measurement of finance in an organization, as the basic indicator of the health of an organization, it is advisable to base on history, which is the bottom line for a healthy organization. Here, history mea ns the today’s consequences, results from yesterday’s decision of management (Epstein, 2004.p.201). He argues that what is expected to be measured is the usefulness of the information and not data, as argued by Mark and Gary above. In summary Jim puts it that, regular measurement does not in any way change the situation, in addition, he takes his own example and demonstrates that when he weighs himself ten times daily, that alone wont change his current weight. Therefore, the measurement is only indicators of what is happening but not a way of evading the reality. Moreover, with correct data, one is capable to further improve and transform of the organization effectively. Therefore, it is advisable to first choose the right tool, then